2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Activity

0: Tsunami Generating Region

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LOCATION #1: 0123 UTC

9 m waves (possible 20m ?)
12m Water height measurement/observation

Second wave arrived at 0153 UTC, and the most powerful Third wave arrived at 0215 UTC

0842 local time. Coastline buildings were swept away.
Debris carried up to 4km inland. Approximately 70,000 deaths from this area alone.

Note: The satellite image for this area appears to have been taken soon after the tsunami.

Photo courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey

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Aerial and Satellite images courtesy of GlobeXplorer and DigitalGlobe. Retrieved from http://www.nzaid.govt.nz

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Wave heights 25 m

35.7m Water height measurement/observation

The satellite image appears to have been taken soon after the tsunami.

U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 3rd Class Jacob J. Kirk

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90m coal barge with tugboat attached washed 160m inland.

34m Water height measurement/observation

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100m freighter capsized

30m Water height measurement/observation

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50m Water height measurement/ observation is the highest recorded for this tsunami.

U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 3rd Class Tyler J. Clements

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21m Water height measurement/observation Complete obliteration of this town. Less than 1,000 survivors out of an estimated population of 10,000. The satellite image appears to have been taken soon after the tsunami.

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15m Water height measurement/observation Water reached 5km inland. Estimate of 40,000 dead at this location. Indonesia's Death Toll: 108,100 dead/ 127,700 missing

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LOCATION #2: 0300 UTC

5-10 m waves
5.4m Water height measurement/observation

This is one of the popular tourist locations that was hit by the tsunami waves. It is estimated that 9,000 tourists perished in the tsunami at locations like this. Phuket Island was at high tide when the tsunami hit.

AP Photo/Karim Khamzin. Retrieved from http://drakulits.blogspot.com/2004_12_01_archive.html

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0300 UTC 2 hours after the earthquake, an orbiting satellite measures a tsunami height of 60cm in the open ocean. Tsunami waves aren't easily detected in the open ocean without intruments. The wave shape depends on the bathymetry(depths) of the ocean bottom. Thus in the open ocean, the wave may only seem to be a slight bump. The wavelength (crest to crest) however, can be as much as 100miles long.

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LOCATION #3: 0310 UTC

10m wave reported
7m Water height measurement/observation

Photo courtesy of U.S. Geological Service. Photo credit:Phillip Liu, Cornell University

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LOCATION #4: 0316 UTC

0.21m Tide gauge measurement

This is one of many locations across the Indian Ocean that has instruments that records ocean data.

GFDL Image by David.Monniaux. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_gauge

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LOCATION #5: 0322 UTC

Sri Lanka's Death Toll:
30,900 dead/ 5,400 missing

Photo courtesy of NGDC. Photo Provided By: Chris Chapman, Schlumberger Cambridge Research, Cambridge, U.K

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LOCATION #6: 0325 UTC

11.6m wave

10m Water height measurement/observation

Another popular tourist location with dozens of hotels and ocean front bungalows. Eyewitnesses report the ocean receded for 20 minutes prior to the tsunami. Many did not realize that this was a signal of what to come. Many foreign tourists were on the beach as the waves hit midmorning.

3950 deaths at this location.

Photo credit: John and Jackie Knill. Retrieved from http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/denis_pics/denis.htm

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LOCATION #7: 0334 UTC

6.5m Water height measurement/observation

120 deaths

Retrieved from http://mutiny.in/author/angel/page/2/

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0334 UTC

9.6m Water height measurement/observation

200 deaths

Photo courtesy of NGDC. Image Credit: Joseph Trainor,University of Delaware, Disaster Relief Center

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0335 UTC 5.8 m Water height measurement/observation 6000 people perished at Nagapattinum making it one of the hardest hit in India. India's Death Toll: 10,700 dead/ 5,600 missing

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0345 UTC

13m Water height measurement/observation

Photo courtesy of NOAA. Photo credit: Andrew Grawin

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0336 UTC

10.9m Water height measurement/observation

Western coastlines of India and Sri Lanka were not spared from the tsunami. At this location a 9-car train was engulfed by waves and 1,500 passengers perished.

Photo courtesy of Shahidul Alam / DRIK. Retrieved from http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/denis_pics/denis.htm

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0400 UTC

19.57 Water height measurement/ observation

Thailand's Death Toll:
5,300 dead/ 3,100 missing

Photo courtesy of HoboTraveler.com. Retrieved from http://www.hobotraveler.com/169kohphiphithailandtsunami_02.shtml

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LOCATION #8: 0406 UTC

1-4m waves

3m Water height measurement/observation

Some islands were completely submerged as the ocean rushed across them.

2000 homes destroyed

Maldive's Death Toll:
82 dead/ 26 missing

Retrieved from http://clin.lsi.uniovi.es/wod/

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0415 UTC

3hours and 15minutes after the earthquake, an orbiting satellite measures a tsunami height of 40cm in the open ocean.

Image courtesy of NOAA

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No tsunami detected.

Photo courtesy of DoD.

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0430 UTC

2.9 Water height measurement/observation.

Myanmar's Death Toll:
90 dead/ 10 missing

Photo courtesy of UNICEF. Retrieved from http://fieldnotes.unicefusa.org/mt/mt-search.cgi?tag=UNICEF&blog_id=1.

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LOCATION #9: 0500 UTC

2m Water height measurement/observation

130 huts were washed away and 17 deaths were recorded at this location.

Despite its proximity to the area that generated the tsunami, Myanmar did not experience the waves until after India and Sri Lanka. This is partly due to the bathymetry, or shape, of the ocean bottom. It is also due to its northerly location; the wave energy was directed east and westward. Had the tsunami been directed toward Myanmar's low delta coastline, the country's death toll would have been far greater as it was with the tropical cyclone of 2008.

Photo courtesy of United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/cpr/disred/english/news/archives/2005/August.htm.

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LOCATION #10: 0500 UTC

3m waves

Malaysia's Death Toll:
68 dead/ 6 missing

Photo credit: Eric Skitzi. Retrieved from http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/ny-woquak1229,0,7192932.story

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LOCATION #11: 0639 UTC

Tide gauge detected tsunami.

GFDL Image by B.navez. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues_Island

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LOCATION #12: 0730 UTC

0.9m Tide gauge measurement

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LOCATION #13: 0811 UTC

Tide gauge measurement of 1.65m

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LOCATION #14: 0800 UTC

9.5M Water height measurement/observation

The waves struck low lying fishing villages. Like other locations around the Indian Ocean, these villages were crowded and located very close to the shore. The tsunami took place at the peak of the fishing season in Somalia.

289 deaths recorded

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Photo courtesy of World Health Organization: http://www.who.int

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LOCATION #15: 0815 UTC

Tide gauge measurement of 1.39m

3 deaths

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LOCATION #16: 0955 UTC

Tide gauge measurement of 0.54m

1 death

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LOCATION #17: 1202 UTC

1.65m Tide gauge measurement

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LOCATION #18: 1339 UTC

0.87m Tide gauge measurement

Image retrieved from http://ivs.nict.go.jp/mirror/publications/ar1999/nssyow/

36: Credits

The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 has been studied by a large number of countries and scientific organizations. The chronology and statistics of this event can vary and includes numerous approximations. An exhaustive attempt was taken by the author to be as accurate as possible.

Information courtesy of:

BBC webpage on the event.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4136289.stm

Japanese Research Team from Kyoto University
http://www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/sumatra2004/report.html

National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/hazards.shtml

NOAA / PMEL / Center for Tsunami Research.
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/

Spiritus Temporis.com History Web Ring
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/2004-indian-ocean-earthquake

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/

Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Tsunami

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37: Links to Images

Image links

Tsunami Model animation:
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Mov/TITOV-INDO2004.mov

Global Model animation:
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Mov/indo_gl2.mov

Before and After Photos
http://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/11.html

Videos
http://asiantsunamivideos.com/

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38: Earthquake Epicenter

9.2 magnitude quake at 0058 UTC triggers a chain reaction 15m fault slip for 994 miles

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